No seu número 32, a revista Cultura acolhe os resultados mais significativos da acção integrada hispano-lusa O Surgimento da Ciência Moderna na Europa: G. W. Leibniz (AIB2010PT-00167) (www.leibniz.es/granada-lisboa.htm), uma iniciativa inscrita no projecto Leibniz en Español (FFI2010-15914) (www.leibniz.es), financiada pelo antigo Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, pela Junta de Andalucía (P09-HUM.5109) e pelo Conselho dos Reitores das Universidades Portuguesas. Iniciada em 2007,...

O objectivo príncipal deste artigo consiste em evidenciar o contributo do pensamento médico para a revolução científica, tendo em consideraçāo a especificidade da medicina no âmbito dos saberes. O autor delineia um percurso cujos marcos sāo A. Vesalius, G. Borelli, W. Harvey, F. Glisson e G.-E Stahl. Trata-se de uma escolha que, nāo sendo arbitrária, é razoavelmente contingente. Ao longo dos séculos XVI-XVIII, a medicina acompanhou o esforço de renovaçāo, em especial no domínio anátomo-físio-patológico, introduziu modos de inteligibilidade, perspectivas, ângulos (...) de visāo inovadores. A representaçāo do corpo está no cerne da inteligibilidade médica. As diferentes figurações do corpo - fábrica, mecanismo, organismo - indicam estratégias de olhar distintas, podendo falar-se de duas culturas científicas no interior da medicina ao longo do período considerado: uma cultura científica pautada pelos cânones matemático-experimentais, que tende a isolar e objectivar o corpo; uma outra cultura científica guiada pelo reconhecimento da especificidade do corpo vivo e pela inscriçāo deste no facto humano total. The main goal of this paper consists in the contribution of medical thought to the scientific revolution, bearing in mind the specificity of medicine within the scope of sciences. The author draws a path whose boundary marks are A. Vesalius, G. Borelli, W. Harvey, F. Glisson, G.-E. Stahl. It is all about a choice which, although not arbitrary, is significantly contingent. Throughout the XVI-XVIIIth Centuries, medicine accompanied the general attempt of intellectual renovation, namely within the anatomo-physio-pathological field, and brought into use innovative ways of intelligibility, perspectives, angles of view. The picture of the living body is in the core of medical intelligibility. Different pictures of the body - fabric, mechanism, organism - point out distinguished strategies of viewing, making it possible to mention two scientific cultures within medicine during this period: a scientific culture ruled by the mathematico-experimental canons, which tends to isolate and objectify the body; another scientific culture ruled by the acknowledgement of the specificity of living bodies, and by the view of human body within the whole human fact. acknowledgement of the specificity of living bodies, and by the view of human body within the whole human fact. (shrink)

A procura da evidência acompanha todo o esforço de veridição e constitui a forma prínceps da inteligibilidade. A via cartesiana da modernidade reforçou o papel da evidência como critério fundamental da verdade apodíctica. No entanto, a investigação sobre o quadro geral da evidência, os seus operadores e obscuridades é muito recente, devendo-se a Fernando Gil o contributo decisivo. O Tratado da Evidência (1993) e Modos da Evidência (1998) inauguram um programa de investigação, cuja fecundidade...

Leibniz desenvolve uma intensa actividade filosófico-científica ao longo de um período de mais de cinquenta anos, na procura de uma via da modernidade mais complexa do que o mecanicismo vulgar, que reduz significativamente o campo do saber. A correspondência com Jacob Thomasius, seu professor mais influente, permitiu ao jovem Filósofo uma cuidada reflexão sobre dois tópicos nucleares da sua elaboração teórica – o da continuidade e o da forma –, que são, simultaneamente, motivo de afinidade e de divergência entre ambos. (...) De facto, tal como Thomasius, Leibniz assume a tarefa de conciliar antigos e modernos, mas, diferentemente do seu Mestre, entende que a matriz dessa ciência eclética é a ciência moderna e não a aristotélica. No que diz respeito à forma e mais precisamente à forma subs­tancial, Leibniz concorda com Thomasius que ela é imprescindível na filosofia natural, mas explica a sua génese de modo mecânico, através do movimento. Por seu lado, em virtude do estatuto fenomenal do movimento, a sua causa primordial não poderá ser outra que o próprio espírito. Por conseguinte, a primeira filosofia de Leibniz conjuga mecanicismo e espiritualismo. (shrink)

O objetivo principal deste artigo consiste em evidenciar a continuidade entre natureza e espírito no pensamento leibniziano. De fato, a adesão de Leibniz à ciência moderna é acompanhada de uma metafísica espiritualista, que o autor corrige no sentido de uma correspondência perfeita entre dois planos de fenómenos funcionando de acordo com princípios distintos. O elo de ligação entre esses dois planos é a noção de espontaneidade, que caracteriza a atividade da natureza e é elevada ao seu grau supremo através da (...) liberdade dos espíritos. (shrink)

O intento deste trabalho é o aprofundamento da noção de expressão, a exploração do seu significado programático e sistemático. Visa-se, assim, propor uma nova chave para a compreensão da dinâmica interna do pensar leibniziano e do carácter intrínseco do leibnizianismo.

A caneta que escreve e a que prescreve é uma obra única no panorama da pro­dução literária nacional e que representa um contributo notável para o desen­volvimento de uma promissora área de estudos no espaço lusófono: a medicina narrativa, que visa a aproximação entre a medicina e as humanidades, com impli­cações directas na prática clínica. A vasta antologia, que não é nem pretende ser exaustiva, abre com um prefácio de Rui Vilar, que constitui uma reflexão fina e bem documentada sobre (...) a gén... (shrink)

O autor desenvolve uma narrativa que combina a descrição com a sua experiência enquanto leitor e sobretudo enquanto membro envolvido no lançamento e dinamização de revistas de Filosofia. O artigo destaca o percurso solitário da Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, ao longo de décadas, e a sua capacidade de renovação evidenciada na última década; assume que o lançamento da revista Filosofia e Epistemologia significou a pedrada no charco que rompeu com hábitos paralisantes, afirmando um estilo que influenciou projectos futuros, nomeadamente a (...) Análise, cujo carácter adveio, em larga medida, da sua articulação com um programa de investigação coerente e pluridisciplinar. Por último, o artigo interroga-se sobre o papel das revistas de Filosofia no incremento da incipiente comunidade filosófica portuguesa. (shrink)

This article analyzes the work and thought of Lélia Gonzalez on the experience of Black women in Brazil. It highlights her legacy within studies of Black Feminism in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the importance of her articulation between sex, class, and race with the intention of understanding the social inequality Indigenous and Black women suffer. Gonzalez's political-cultural category of Amefricanity is presented in this article as an instrument of analysis specific to the region, which promotes an (...) epistemological shift within Black feminism. This category seeks to interpret the stories and survival strategies of previous generations of Black women on the continent, as well as to learn their methods and transgressive practices of asymmetrical power relations as pedagogical processes. (shrink)

A Lei nº 13.415/17, que instituiu o Novo Ensino Médio, classifica a Filosofia como estudos e práticas. Tal redação provoca a seguinte indagação: A Filosofia está presente ou não na Formação Geral Básica como disciplina nas matrizes curriculares elaboradas pelas 27 Secretarias Estaduais de Educação? O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar o quantitativo de aulas semanais de Filosofia no Novo Ensino Médio nos diferentes estados brasileiros, levando em consideração o ensino nas Redes Públicas Estaduais de Ensino. Assume relevância pelo (...) fato de que há uma necessidade de despertar na comunidade filosófica um movimento de luta pela mudança da redação do texto da Lei nº 13.415/17 de estudos e práticas para disciplina. A pesquisa é bibliográfica, documental e com abordagem qualitativa. Além das fontes bibliográficas atualizadas e do referencial teórico na área de ensino de Filosofia, foram consultadas as leis federais e documentos normativos que se relacionam com a temática. Para o levantamento de dados, foi consultado o _site_ do Observatório Movimento pela Base, que conta com informações sobre a implementação do Novo Ensino Médio e da Base Nacional Comum Curricular, a exemplo das matrizes curriculares. Constatou-se que o terceiro ano do Novo Ensino Médio, que possivelmente será implementado no ano de 2024, é o que possui menor carga horária da disciplina de Filosofia semanalmente. No geral, a carga horária da disciplina de Filosofia foi reduzida em 13 estados, nas redes públicas estaduais de ensino. (shrink)

The book investigates the relationship between the economic and political writings of four seminal authors: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Joseph A. Schumpeter, and..

O conceito de narratividade tem sido frequentemente utilizado entre filósofos da mente que pretendem compreender criticamente a questão da identidade pessoal na filosofia contemporânea. Trata-se de pensá-la como uma teia narrativa que se desenrola durante a vida. Ao personagem narrado chamaríamos ‘eu’. Daniel Dennett e David Velleman são dois eminentes defensores deste tipo de visão. O presente artigo visa expor brevemente os pontos de aproximação entre estes autores, mas principalmente discutir um importante momento de afastamento entre eles, especialmente no que (...) tange à ideia de um módulo central narrativo, introduzida por Velleman e criticada por Dennett. Como contraposição à visão narrativa será, por fim, contraposta outra proposta de se pensar a identidade pessoal, como negação da narratividade, presente no pensamento de Galen Strawson. (shrink)

Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, several changes have been forcibly made and observed in various fields and areas of society, one of which include the field of education; the foundation of the formation of intellect and knowledge. After two years of studying indoors and private educational institutions holding virtual classes, the time has finally come for students to be re- adjusted once more to the blended mode of learning; a combination of virtual and in-person classes. Thus, this study aimed to (...) investigate the development of students’ study habits and how these habits could potentially affect the students’ academic achievement or performance. The study utilized a descriptivecorrelational design to examine the impact of study habits to the academic performance of 137 senior high school students. The study made use of the Palsane and Sharma’s Study Habits Inventory, or also known as PSSHI, and using this instrument, the study has been able to procure sufficient results that will answer the present study’s problems. Using linear regression analysis, the present study found that there was a significance between the study habits and academic performance of the senior high school students, thus the study’s null hypothesis was eventually rejected. (shrink)

Confrontado com o estado de natureza em que se encontravam as relações entre os Estados, Kant tentou pensar uma juridisção capaz de pôr fim a esse estado de guerra. O artigo começa por estabelecer as modalidades da cidadania em Kant, para, em seguida, mostrar de que modo o filósofo de Königsberg funda o direito político. Verificase, porém, que, dado o carácter irresistível do poder do soberano, é necessário conceber um direito das gentes em ordem a diminuir o risco de conflito (...) entre os Estados. Ora frente às aporias que levanta o conceito de Estado dos povos, a única solução é constituir uma aliança entre Estados, limitada a uma coordenação defensiva. O artigo mostra ainda de que modo, em ordem a superar esta insuficiência, Kant recorre ao conceito de cidadão do mundo, capaz de operar uma síntese entre a reciprocidade dos indivíduos e a reciprocidade dos Estados, o que implica que só o direito cosmopolítico se afirma como condição de um estado universal de paz. /// Confronted with the natural state in which he found the relations among the States, Kant tried to think of a jurisdiction capable of ending that state of war. The article establishes in the first place the types of citizen described by Kant in order to subsequently ground political law. Nevertheless, considering the irresistible character of the sovereign's power, it is necessary to conceive a right of nations to diminish the risk of conflict. The only solution for the aporias that the concept of State raises is to build an alliance between States, limited to a defensive coordination. To overcome this deficiency, Kant resorts to the concept of world citizen, a concept capable of operating a synthesis between the reciprocities among individuals and the reciprocities among States, which implies that only cosmopolitical right stands as condition of a universal state of peace. (shrink)

Analizaremos algunos rasgos del proceso de transformación económica y social que tuvo lugar en al-Andalus entre los siglos X y XII, en el marco de la «revolución económica» de la Europa plenomedieval, tomando como caso de estudio la región oriental de la península ibérica. El proceso debió de arrancar con un despegue demográfico y con el aumento de la productividad agrícola, en este caso derivado de los progresos técnicos asociados a la llamada «revolución verde» islámica de los siglos VIII al (...) X. El incremento creciente de los beneficios derivados del campo y el interés por aprovecharlos seguramente impulsó la coacción de las élites urbanas sobre las comunidades campesinas para arrebatarles las tierras más rentables. También pudo ocasionar la colonización de áreas rurales menos favorecidas, que hasta ese momento habían permanecido incultas, por parte de esos grupos acomodados que buscaban expandir los cultivos comerciales, así como por familias de campesinos desposeídos de las mejores tierras. Los cambios en el mundo rural influyeron en el crecimiento de las ciudades debido a la inmigración de la población del campo, presionada y desplazada, que se incorporaba como proletariado urbano ante el incremento en la demanda de manufacturas y bienes de consumo por parte de los terratenientes enriquecidos que habitaban esas ciudades. (shrink)

Coping with assessment tests are known to generate anxiety frequently in the students who face them. In academic circumstances with the continued presence of emotional disturbance, high demand, and stress, emotional and physical fatigue, typical of burnout syndrome, and can be detected. Anxiety and burnout are related to each other and even more closely in high-stakes tests. One of these tests is the examination imposed in Spain for access to the university. The objective of this work is to analyze the (...) presence of anxiety and burnout and the relationship between them in students who face these tests, both during the confinement situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic and during the pandemic after the lockdown. For this purpose, we used a sample of 1,021 students with a mean age of 17.89. Of these, 866 were students who were taking the test, while the rest were university students who had passed it recently. Our results show high levels of anxiety and burnout in students who face the evaluation test during the COVID-19 pandemic, sustained over time and especially in comparison with students who had already taken the exam. The association between higher levels of anxiety and higher levels of burnout in the students who take these exams was also verified. These results link the relationship between these two variables more solidly and suggest the need to include address anxiety to reduce burnout levels in these students. The results are discussed with regard to prior evidence and their applications. (shrink)

This article explores some of the crucial conceptual dimensions of Italian workerist Marxism [operaismo], identifying both its underlying impetus and its limits in particular interpretations of Marxian concepts. Particular emphasis is placed on the manner in which the focus of workerists such as Mario Tronti and Antonio Negri on living labour, antagonism and class-composition can be understood in terms of a philosophy of subjectivity founded on a Marxian conception of difference.

According to Peirce one of the most important philosophical problems is continuity. Consequently, he set forth an innovative and peculiar approach in order to elucidate at once its mathematical and metaphysical challenges through proper non-classical logical reasoning. I will restrain my argument to the definition of the different types of discrete collections according to Peirce, with a special regard to the phenomenon called ?premonition of continuity? (Peirce, 1976, Vol. 3, p. 87, c. 1897).

This article inspects Peirce’s resonances on Deleuze’s semiotic. Whereas most of the literature agrees that Deleuze adapts Peirce’s semiotic to serve his Bergsonian-based theory of sign, this article claims that the relationship of Deleuze with Peirce’s writings is more foliated than it may appear at first. The development of this hypothesis invites to trace back Deleuze’s works before his very acquaintance with Peirce in the 1980s. Therefore, one of Peirce’s classical issues – the role that relations and habits play for (...) the triadic conception of sign – is considered with Deleuze’s early studies, in which he developed this same issue as to approach Hume and Proust. This background echoes years later in Deleuze’s incursion to Peirce’s semiotic in the 1980s ninety-two classes and two books on cinema. In fact, Deleuze’s own triadic conception of sign and his acknowledged pragmatist inclination prove to be closer to Peirce’s pragmatism than the scholarly literature tends to think or argue. The aim of this article is not, however, to build an overwhelming philosophical identity between Deleuze and Peirce, it sets up instead a steadier basis from where to understand their differences. Deleuze’s ignored five-year long lectures on cinema shows to be exegetically revealing with respect to his debts towards Peirce. (shrink)

El conjunto de tratados de agricultura que se elaboró en al-Andalus ha sido hasta ahora explotado como fuente para aspectos relacionados con la botánica y la historia de las técnicas agrícolas; sin embargo, se ha empleado poco para la obtención de información histórica, aspecto que hemos tratado de enfatizar en este trabajo. Con este objetivo, hemos intentado situar la eclosión de los libros de agricultura en su contexto histórico: el de la revolución económica y demográfica plenomedieval, uno de cuyos aspectos (...) más significativos fue la expansión agrícola impulsada por un estamento de terratenientes, muchos de ellos residentes en las ciudades, que puso en marcha una producción orientada básicamente al mercado. A este grupo social es al que creemos estaban destinados principalmente los libros geopónicos, pues tenía la necesidad y los recursos económicos e intelectuales para aprovecharlos, a diferencia de los pequeños propietarios y las comunidades gentilicias de campesinos que practicaban una agricultura destinada esencialmente al autoabastecimiento. Una vez que reconocemos los libros de agricultura como auténticos manuales de aquellos hacendados, se puede recuperar esa literatura como fuente histórica de primer orden con el fin de conocer el funcionamiento y la organización de ese tipo de propiedad fundiaria en esta fase de la historia de al-Andalus. (shrink)

todas las esferas de la sociedad cubana, en tal sentido, la presente investigación ofrece una metodología para promover un accionar más activo y transformador de las instituciones sociales en la Educación Comunitaria desde el trabajo comunitario integrado que vincula los intereses y necesidades de la población en las tareas del desarrollo social. The existence of indifference behaviors to principles reveals the need for strengthening the educative work in all spheres of the Cuban society. In that sense, the present research provides (...) a methodology in order to promote a more active and transforming work of social institutions in the community education from the integrated community work connecting the interests and needs of the people on duties of social development. (shrink)

This is the first edition of the Italian translation of J.A. Schumpeter’s last conference. The intervention analyzes the relationship between institutional change and capitalism with particular reference to the United States after the Second World War. It is at the same time a recapitulation of the most relevant Schumpeterian economic and political concepts. Translation and Introduction by Adelino Zanini: Of a "Private Writing". A Short Note on the Very Latest Schumpeter.

Since the 1980s, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies concerning Andalusian rural settlements linked to irrigated agriculture, both related to large suburban green belts and to small hydraulic systems. In the vast areas where water is scarce, the settlement apparently would have been concentrated in cities and fortified towns, leaving without population most of the dry lands between them. However, thanks to the intensive survey of one of these regions, La Mancha’s Southeastern area, we are (...) recording a dense rural settlement corresponding to a pattern unknown until now. It consists basically of small villages in plain, devoid of community defense elements, which must have been inhabited by humble peasants, judging by the modesty of the architecture and domestic goods. Surely they make use of the scanty natural resources, which have traditionally oriented the economy of the region towards livestock and rainfed agriculture. In particular, the studied settlement would be related to the demand of wool for the export oriented textile production of the region, within the framework of the commercial expansion of that period. Apparently, most of those villages could have appeared in the eleventh century, disappearing in the middle of the thirteenth century because of the Christian conquest. Their existence would be associated with a general context of population growth that pushed the competition between urban elites and peasants pursuing the privileged agricultural areas, as well as the colonization of less favorable production areas. (shrink)

Resumen: La imposibilidad del desarrollo para conciliar normativamente imparcialidad con pluralidad responde a un sesgo de carácter ontológico. Esta ruptura, que constituye la esencia misma de los estudios del desarrollo, supone aceptar que cualquier teoría del desarrollo que se precie se encuentra sustancialmente inacabada. De tal imposibilidad emerge, sin embargo, un perfeccionamiento que transcurre dialécticamente en términos de doble negación hegeliana por el cual las distintas teorías van perfeccionándose a partir de un mayor grado de concienciación normativa. Este perfeccionamiento alcanza (...) analíticamente un estado absoluto de desarrollo definido como libertad. Un concepto que perfecciona el presentado por Amartya Sen, facultado para reconciliar analíticamente el sesgo originario.: The impossibility of development to gather normatively impartiality and plurality makes itself to be ontologically incomplete. Nevertheless, the analytical that emerges in the very essence of development discipline implies to accept that any development theory is and will always be unfulfilled. Nevertheless, and beyond that substantive impossibility, an improvement occurs dialectically in terms of Hegelian double negation by which each theory is overcome by a higher grade of normative awareness by the following one. This improvement reaches analytically an absolute dimension of development as freedom. A concept that goes beyond such introduced by Amartya Sen, which it is well able of including all human determinations that ultimately allow to meet analytically those edges of the gap. (shrink)

In the history of modern political and economic thought, the work of Adam Smith has been of constant interest for two centuries. It has been the object of the most diverse interpretations and has continuously served as a strategic reference point for liberal and Marxist thought. For the latter, however, it does not seem to represent a substantial source of inspiration today. In contrast, liberal thinkers continue to regard themselves as the legitimate interpreters of Smith’s thought. Such a generic reference (...) to liberal thought, obviously, may sound vague. It is difficult, however, to refer in any other way to the continuous flourishing of reflections that, before anything else, point to the market as the proper strategic place for any decision, whether or not it is combined with considerations of ethical pluralism. This is not surprising, because Smith is not an author one can ignore; it is also not surprising that liberalism does not take much pains to reinterpret Smith. In other words, liberalism does not seem to be able to do without a traditional reading of Smith—the “Mandevilleian” Smith, who taught us not to look beyond self-interest. It cannot do without this reading because liberal thought itself has created such a reading by virtually ignoring, for two centuries, the Theory of Moral Sentiments. And, even when more sophisticated interpreters take up the task of reinterpreting Smith, they are usually not willing to grant the importance due to the social, non-individualistic aspect of Smith’s ethics. (shrink)

In the history of modern political and economic thought, the work of Adam Smith has been of constant interest for two centuries. It has been the object of the most diverse interpretations and has continuously served as a strategic reference point for liberal and Marxist thought. For the latter, however, it does not seem to represent a substantial source of inspiration today. In contrast, liberal thinkers continue to regard themselves as the legitimate interpreters of Smith’s thought. Such a generic reference (...) to liberal thought, obviously, may sound vague. It is difficult, however, to refer in any other way to the continuous flourishing of reflections that, before anything else, point to the market as the proper strategic place for any decision, whether or not it is combined with considerations of ethical pluralism. This is not surprising, because Smith is not an author one can ignore; it is also not surprising that liberalism does not take much pains to reinterpret Smith. In other words, liberalism does not seem to be able to do without a traditional reading of Smith—the “Mandevilleian” Smith, who taught us not to look beyond self-interest. It cannot do without this reading because liberal thought itself has created such a reading by virtually ignoring, for two centuries, the Theory of Moral Sentiments. And, even when more sophisticated interpreters take up the task of reinterpreting Smith, they are usually not willing to grant the importance due to the social, non-individualistic aspect of Smith’s ethics. (shrink)

The recent crisis of the Eurozone has led scholars and activists to critically consider the ordoliberal tradition of thought, in order to underline the ideological and effective primacy of the German interests within EU’s economic and monetary policies. Starting from this last widespread assertion, the author, after having recalled the differences which exist among the liberalism of the “Freiburg School” and that of the “Vienna School”, analyzes and discusses the principles of Walter Eucken’s economic policy, in particular, the “constitutive principles” (...) and the “regulative principles” of his Wettbewerbsordnung. Nevertheless, if it is true that the ordoliberal concept of competition is based on a Leistungsprinzip which requires a starker Staat, how does the Wettbewerbsordnung coexist with EU’s systems of governance? Actually, says the author, the multilevel European governance seems to be better understood if intended as a “hybrid”, with respect to which not always Ordoliberalism plays a role consistent with its tradition. (shrink)

This introduction analyzes some of the key questions concerning the political variations of the neoliberal economic discourse in today’s Europe. In particular, the relationship between the evanescence of nation-state sovereignty and the rebirth of the “economic nation” is taken into account. In the great transformation imposed by the ongoing economic crisis, the author stresses the importance of grasping not only the German roots of the European Ordoliberalism, but also those of a hybrid politics, based on governance policies, and implicitly imposed (...) by the unfinished character of the great transformation itself. (shrink)

In this paper, two different philosophical proposals to introduce and carry out philosophy in school spaces which include the participation of children are compared, these are: Philosophy for Children, mainly developed by Matthew Lipman and Ann Sharp, and Philosophy with Children, which is actually a set of “second generation” proposals –as described by Vansieleghem and Kennedy, based on Reed and Johnson –, among which those created by Walter Kohan and Karin Murris, to mention a few, stand out. The text begins (...) with some similarities between both proposals, before comparing them in each of their dimensions. First, P4C is discussed. Second, PwC. Their ideas about education, school, philosophical education, their concept of childhood, the role given to teachers and their relation with politics are the main focus. Third, PwC’s critique of the P4C programme is studied. Finally, the paper concludes with some ideas on the issue of introducing philosophy to the school space. Particularly, PwC’s proposal is supported, fundamentally because of its coherent acknowledgment of the autonomy of teachers and of the political element in education, since philosophical experience with children is particularly questioning, defying, and, therefore, it has the possibility of bringing about important transformations, both at a personal-individual level, as well as a collective one. (shrink)

El presente artículo compara las consideraciones de Hegel y Husserl sobre la intersubjetividad en relación a la normatividad. Para esto, en una primera parte se discute la descripción de la conciencia del yo y el otro en cada uno de los autores; en la segunda, sus conceptos de libertad; y en la tercera, sus conceptos de normatividad, teleología e historia.

In both scientific and popular circles it is often said that we are in the midst of a sixth mass extinction. Although the urgency of our present environmental crises is not in doubt, such claims of a present mass extinction are highly controversial scientifically. Our aims are, first, to get to the bottom of this scientific debate by shedding philosophical light on the many conceptual and methodological challenges involved in answering this scientific question, and, second, to offer new philosophical perspectives (...) on what the value of asking this question has been — and whether that value persists today. We show that the conceptual challenges in defining ‘mass extinction’, uncertainties in past and present diversity assessments, and data incommensurabilities undermine a straightforward answer to the question of whether we are in, or entering, a sixth mass extinction today. More broadly we argue that an excessive focus on the mass extinction framing can be misleading for present conservation efforts and may lead us to miss out on the many other valuable insights that Earth’s deep time can offer in guiding our future. (shrink)